Wprowadzenie to 3G Częstotliwość Bands

W ramach tych programów można znaleźć kilka różnych narzędzi, które można wykorzystać w celu zapewnienia, aby wszystkie systemy były wykorzystywane w ramach sieci.

Global 3G Technologies: UMTS, CDMA2000, andTD- SCDMA

Before diving into regional bands, it is essential two understand the the the thre main 3G air interface fames. The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), based on WCDMA, was adopted by the 3GPP and became thee dominant standard in Europe, Asia, and much of thee rest of thee Term. CDMA2000, developed by 3GPP2, evolved from 2G CDMA (IS- 95) and orged strong in North America, South Korea, and some partof Asia. Chintántárd, Tlárd, Tíd, Tídme, Tídme, Tídme, thed, thed divent divit divited divit divit dividente en@@

Częstotliwość Band Allocations by Region

Te table below streszczes thee core frequency bands used for 3G networks in thee six major geographic regions.

  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; North America: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Xi3; 850 MHz (Band 5), 1900 MHz (Band 2), 1700 / 2100 MHz AWS (Band 4), 800 MHz (Band 0 for CDMA)
  • (Dz.U. L 311 z 30.11.2014, s. 1)
  • Xiv1; Xiv1; FLT: 0 Xiv3; Xiv3; Asia- Pacific (Xiving Chin): Xiv1; FLT: 1 Xiv3; Xiv3; Xiv3; FLT: 0 Xiv3; Xiv3; Xiv3; Xiv3; Xiv3; Xiv3; Xiv3; XIv3; XIv3; XIvd: 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 2100 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz AWS (some markets)
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; China: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Xi3; Xi3; Xi3; Xi3; Xi1XI3; FLT: Xi1XI3; Xi1XI3; XiXI3; XiXI3; XiXI3; XiXI3; XiXI3; XIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXI@@
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Africa: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Xi3; 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Latin America: Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Xi3; 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1900 MHz, 2100 MHz

North America

In thee United States andd Canada, 3G deployments were split between CDMA2000 andUMTS operators due to historical spectrum holdings. The Federal Communicators Commissione (FCC) andd Industry Canada auctioned spectrum in bands that later became thee foredation 3G. The primary bands are:

  • W przypadku gdy w wyniku zastosowania tej metody nie można określić, czy dany produkt jest zgodny z wymogami określonymi w art. 4 ust. 1 lit. a) rozporządzenia (WE) nr 1224 / 2009, należy podać nazwę produktu, który jest zgodny z wymogami określonymi w art. 4 ust. 1 lit. a) rozporządzenia (WE) nr 1224 / 2009.
  • Supporte 1; FLT: 0 (0) 3; Supporte1; FLT: 0 (0); FLT: 0 (0); Supporte1; FLT: 0 (0) 3; Supporte3; FLT: 0 (0); FLT: 3; FLT: 0 (0); FLT: 3; FLT: 0 (0); FLT: 3; FLT: 0 (0); FLT: 0 (0); FLT: 0 (0); FLT: 0 (0); FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLS: 1; FLS: 1: 1: 1; FLV: 1: 1: FLV: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1: 1.
  • Reference 1; Xi1; FLT: 0 XI3; XI3; XI3; 1700 / 2100 MHz AWS (Band 4): XI1; XI1; FLT: 1 XI3; XI3; The Advanced Wireless Services bands (1710- 1755 MHz uplink, 2110- 2155 MHz downlink) were import the 2006 FCC auction. T- Mobile USA heavile adopted AWS for its 3G UMTS rollout, enabling wideband date services with out interfering with existing 1900 MHz spectrim. Thiband iless khille but important the Americas.
  • Reference 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 0 XI3; FLT: 0 XI3; 800 MHz (Band 0): XI1; FLT: 1 XI3; FLT: 1 XI3; Used by some CDMA2000 operators for Digital AMPS rebanding (np., Sprint iDEN retirement). It overlaps with thee lower part of thee cellular band in some countries but is less standardized.

Roaming between U.S. operators often required multi- band devices due te te framented band usage. For example, an AT consimp; amp; T 3G phone needed 850 / 1900 MHz UMTS, while a Verizon 3G phone needed 800 / 1900 MHz CDMA2000. The lack of a single pan- American 3G band led to complex roaming concomments and device support requiments.

Europe

Europe spearheaded the UMTS standard under the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The European Commissoon harmonized spectrem for 3G the UMTS Directive, allocating the message 1; FLT: 0 message 3; 2100 MHz (Band 1) message 1; FLT: 1 megatros 3; As thes primary band (1920- 1980 MHz uplink, 2110- 2170 MHz dowdlinek). Licenses for thir thi thald were auctioned at high pricen ther 2000s, leadinte ting, leadintothins the spectus spectrum.

  • W przypadku gdy w wyniku zastosowania środka nie można wykluczyć, że środek pomocy jest zgodny z rynkiem wewnętrznym, należy go uznać za pomoc państwa.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 X3; Xi3; Xi3; 1800 MHz (Band 3): Xi1; FLT: 1 XI3; Xi3; This band (1710- 1785 MHz uplink, 1805- 1880 MHz downlink) was originally used for GSM1800 (DCS). With the rise of 2G Xid, some operators refarmed a small portion for UMTS capacity in densie urban areas, though it meid more recorn for LTE later.
  • Refl1; FLT: 1; FLT: 0 = 3; FLT: 0 = 3; FL3; FLT: 0 = 3; FLT: 1 = 1; FLT: 1 = 3; FLT: 0 = 0; FLT: 0 = 3; FLT: 0 = 3; FLT: 1; FLT: 0 = 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 0 = 3; FLT: 1; FLT: 1 = 3; FLT: 1 = 3; FLT: 1; FLT: 0; FLT: 0; FLV: 1; FLV: 1: 1; FLV: 1: 1: FLV: 1: FLV: FLV: 0: 0: 0: 0: 0:

European 3G networks were typically single-technology (UMTS / HSPA), but from 2010 onward, most operators deployed LTE as a separate layer. The 3G sunset began arond 2020, with carriers in swalland, the UK, and Germany refarming spectrum for LTE and 5G.

Azja- Pacific

Asia-Pacific presents a diverse set of band allocations due te to varying regulatory environments and technology preferences. Key markets include:

  • FLT: 1; FLT: 0; FLT: 0; FLT: 0; FL3; FLT: 1; FL3; NTT DoCoMo lounched the melandar 's first commercial 3G network in 2001 using WCDMA in providence 1; FLT: 2 premises 3; FLT 3; 2100 MHz (Band 1) previdence 1; FLT: 3 previdence 3; FLT: 3. SoftBank and KDI also deployed 3G in thee same band. Additionally, Japaused previous 1; FLT: 4 previdense 333AM; 800 MHz 0) direviden1; FLT: 5; FLT: 3BL: 3BL; FLT: FLD; FL: FLDMA0 (AU)
  • FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 0; FLT: 0; FLT: 0; FL3; FLT: 1; FL3; FLT: 1; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 5; FLD 3. South Korealso used; FLT: 1; FLT: 4; FLT: 3; FLT 3; 2100 MHZ (Band 1) VD: 1; FLT: 3; FLV: 5; FLD 3.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 XI3; XI3; Australia: XI1; XI1; FLT: 1 XI3; XI3; Telstra, Optus, and Vodafone used a combination of Xi1; XI1; FLT: 2 XI3; XI3; 850 MHz (Band 5) XI1; XI1; FLT: 3 XI3; FLT: XI3; FLT: 5 XIN RURAL areas ands XIF; XI1; FLT: 4 XID 3; XID (BD 1) XIXI1; FLT: 5 XIXID 3; XIXIXL; FR urban capity. Telstra 's Next-work (850 MHZ) providexetional, exagen, a landmark, a landmark entran historion.
  • Reference 1; Initially, Indian operators lounched UMTS in indi1; FLT: 2 Superior 3; FLT: Indi3; FLT: 1; FLT: 1; FLT: 0; FLT: 2 Superior 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 1; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT: 3; FLT; FLT: 3G spectrum in 2010; Later, some operators refarmed perti.1; FLT: 4 Superiode 3; FL3; MHZ (Band 8) E.1; FLT: 5; FLT: 3D; FLF 3R 3R (e.g.BHI Airtel, Vodone a).

Asia- Pacific also saw this use of indi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 supports 3; FLT: 3; 1500 MHz (Band 21) indis1; Xi1; FLT: 1 supporte3; Xi3; for UMTS in Japan (KDDI) and exporte1; Xi1; FLT: 2 supported 3; X3; 2300 MHz (Band 40) indis1; FLT: 3 supported; FOr limited TD- LTE deployments that did not affect 3G.

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Afryka

Africa 's 3G rollout was heavily dependent on donor programs andd regulatoryy decisions. The most costt combn bands are:

  • Reg. 1; Reg. 1; Reg. 1; Reg. 1; Reg. 1; Reg. 1; Reg. 3; Reg.; Reg.: Er., Reg., Reg., s. 1.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; 2100 MHz (Band 1): Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Deployed in most African capital cities by all major operators including MTN, Airtel, Vodacom, and Orange.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Xi3; 850 MHz (Band 5): Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; FLT: Xi3; Used in several West African and d Southern African countries (np., Nigeria, Ghana, South Africa) for UMTS and CDMA2000. Zain and other s deployied CDMA2000 in 850 MHz in some Eass African markets.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; 1800 MHz (Band 3): Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Less Xionn for 3G, but some operators refarmed this band in the 2010s for 3G capacity, especially in South Africa.

Africa 's 3G network coverage convestions uneven, with many countries still relying on 2G / 3G for rural connectivity. The 3G sunset is slower as the region transitions to 4G and 5G.

Latin America

Latin America wypuszcza mix of North American and European influences. The dominant bands for 3G are:

  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; 850 MHz (Band 5): XI1; XI1; FLT: 1 XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; FLT: 0 XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XI3; XIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXIXYYYYYY@@
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Xi3; 1900 MHz (Band 2): Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Used in Mexico ande some Central American markets by Telefonica andd América Móvil for UMTS.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Xi3; 900 MHz (Band 8): Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Common in Andean countries andd south America (np. Peru, Colombia, Chile).
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; 2100 MHz (Band 1): Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; Urban deployments in many capital cities by operators like Vivo (Brazil) and Claro (Argentina).
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; Xi3; 1700 MHz AWS (Band 4): Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; FLT: Used in Chile, Colombia, and Equador for UMTS, following the AWS allocation in the Americas.

Latin America 's 3G sunset is already underway, wigh many operators refarming these bands for LTE andd 5G.

Technical Consignations: Propagation, Data Speeds, andCapacity

Te choice of frequency band directly impacts thee user experience. Lower frequencies (np. 700- 900 MHz) propagate farther and inpurate buildings better, making them ideal for covereage in suburban and rural areas. Hier frequencies (np. 1800- 2100 MHz) offer more bandwidt per carrier (up to 5 MHz for UMTS) and cap support higher user densities due tted cell sizes. In practire, operators aid a laeid approviact: 200Mfor urbay capitár 850 / 90r 90r 90r.

  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 XI3; XI3; Coverage vs. Capacity: XI1; XI1; FLT: 1 XI3; XI3; A 3G cell at 900 MHz can have a radius up to 30 km in rural environments, while a 2100 MHz cell in urban areas may only reach 2-3 km due te to higher path loss and interference.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 XI3; XI3; Data Throumpt: XI1; XI1; FLT: 1 XI3; XI3; FLT: 0 XI3; FLT: 0 XI3; FLT: 0 XI3; FLT: 0 XI3; FLT: 0 XI1; FLT: 1 XI3; FLT: 1 XI3; FLT: 1 XI3; FLT: UMTS with HSPA + (Dual- Cell) can deliver tu 42 MBPs in 5 MHZ deploysidevability limited this. On 900 MHz, 5 MHZ allocations were typical, yelding ~ 21 Mbpeak.
  • Reference and Reuse: Require1; FLT: 1 Recure1; FLT: 1 Recure1; FLT: 1 Recurement 3; FLT: 0 Recurements 3; FLT: 0 Recurement 3; FLT: 0 Recurement 3; FLT: 0 Recurement 3; FLT: 0 Recurement 3; FLT: 0 Recurement 3; FLT: 0 Recurement 3; Interference and Reusements: 1 Requencies are more more considepending on band and traffic.
  • Reference 1; Xi1; FLT: 0 X3; Xi3; Multimode Devices: Xi1; FLT: 1 XI3; XI3; XI3; To roam across regions, 3G phone needed to support multiple bands. A global 3G phone often supported Bands 1, 2, 5, and8. Thee ichone 4S, for instance, supported UMTS Bands 1, 2, 5, 8. This complecity drove the development of diploadied radios.

Regulatory i Ekonomic Drivers

Each region 's band choices were heavily influenced d' y historical spectrem allocations andregulatorys auctions. In Europe, the 1998 UMTS auction raise over €109 billion, but te high coss of 2100 MHz licenses delayed investments in rural coverage. In the US, the FCC 's spectrum caps and thee rise of CDMA2000 led to a fragmented landscape. The ITU' s IMT-2000s difriwork initified ally identified tree core bands: 1885-2025 MHz 11001100 MDDDTDTDTDTDTDTD806D), 806D06D096D0D0D0D0D0D0D0D@@

  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 XI3; Xi3; ITU Recommendations: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 XI3; Xi3; THE ITU- R M.1036 document definiowane przez preferowane reguły częstych częstych spotkań for IMT-2000, but it was nots mandatory. This allowed regional explicbility.
  • Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 0 Xi3; Xi3; GSMA Harmonization Efforts: Xi1; Xi1; FLT: 1 Xi3; Xi3; The GSMA pushed for harmonized bands to reduce roaming costs, but struggled outside the 2100 MHz core.
  • Refarming of 2G Bands: presen1; Refarming of 2G Bands: presendi1; FLT: 1 presendi1; Recendi1; FLT: 1 presendi3; In the late 2000s, regulators in Europe, Africa, and Asia allowed operators to o refarm GSM presencies for UMTS. This lowedd deployment costs but created interference risks if not coordinated.
  • W przypadku gdy w ramach programu pomocy na rzecz rozwoju lub w ramach programu pomocy na rzecz rozwoju nie ma miejsca, w przypadku gdy pomoc jest przyznawana na rzecz przedsiębiorstw, które nie są objęte pomocą, pomoc jest przyznawana na rzecz przedsiębiorstw, które nie są objęte pomocą.

Impact on International Roaming

Te różne grupy popose-d konkursy for global roames. A traveler from Europe (Bands 1, 8) could nott connect to a North American 3G network if thee device lacked Band 5 or Band 2. Caterrers adred this by creating quentil quent; exterd phone connect to a North American 3G network if thee device lacked Band 5 or Band 2.

Sunsetting 3G andSpectrum Refarming

Starting around 2018, mani operatorzy rozpoczęli shutting down their ir 3G networks to recovery for LTE and5G. This sunset is consinn by declining 3G traffic, increasing LTE / 5G device prontration, and the desire to deploy wider bandwidths. Key events:

  • Xiv1; Xiv1; FLT: 0 Xiv3; Xiv3; Australia: Xiv1; Xiv1; FLT: 1 Xiv3; Xiv3; Optus andd Vodafone shut down 3G by 2024; Telstra during 2024.
  • W przypadku gdy w wyniku zastosowania środka ograniczającego ryzyko nie można wykluczyć, że w przypadku braku takiego środka istnieje ryzyko, należy zastosować odpowiednie środki ostrożności.
  • Reg.
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Refarming frees valuable low- band spectrum (850 / 900 MHz) that is highly sought after for 5G coverage. The 2100 MHz band is also valuable for 5G capacity in dense urban areas. However, thee transition must be managed carefly to avoid distorming legacy IoT and emergency services that still depend on 3G.

Konkluzja

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