The Role of Canadian Nuclear Laboratories in Candu Research and Development

Canada’s nuclear energy success story is inseparable from the decades of scientific leadership provided by Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL). As the nation’s primary nuclear science and technology organization, CNL has been the driving force behind the iconic CANDU (CANada Deuterium Uranium) reactor design— shaping domestic energy policy, advancing global safety standards, and laying the groundwork for next‑generation clean power systems. From its early days at the historic Chalk River site to today’s frontier work on small modular reactors (SMRs), CNL embodies a culture of continuous innovation and public service. This expanded analysis explores the laboratory’s central role in CANDU research and development, tracing its origins, key contributions, international partnerships, and vision for a low‑carbon future.

Origins and Institutional Evolution

The roots of CNL reach back to the creation of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) in 1952, a Crown corporation established to oversee peaceful nuclear development. Much of the pioneering work, however, occurred even earlier at the Chalk River Laboratories under the National Research Council. There, in 1945, the Zero Energy Experimental Pile (ZEEP) became the first reactor to operate outside the United States—a milestone that set the stage for Canada’s unique heavy‑water approach. Led by visionary scientists such as John Cockcroft and later David Keys, the team at Chalk River quickly earned an international reputation for reactor physics and materials research. AECL formally took over these operations and, by the late 1950s, had conceived the CANDU concept. The design leveraged Canada’s abundant natural uranium and heavy‑water production capacity, avoiding the need for expensive enrichment facilities. Over the ensuing decades, AECL’s research division underwent several reorganizations; it was restructured as a separate entity in 2015 and renamed Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, now operated under a Government‑owned, Contractor‑operated (GoCo) model managed by the Canadian National Energy Alliance. CNL today operates multiple sites—including the iconic Chalk River Laboratories in Ontario, the Whiteshell Laboratories in Manitoba (now transitioning to a decommissioning centre), and prototype facilities at Douglas Point and Gentilly‑1—each of which has supplied essential data for CANDU refinements.

The 2015 GoCo transition introduced a new operating philosophy focused on commercial agility while preserving public‑service science. CNL’s mandate now explicitly includes supporting CANDU operators, advancing SMR programs, managing legacy wastes, and attracting international research partnerships. This institutional evolution has allowed CNL to maintain its status as Canada’s nuclear science hub while responding to the changing energy landscape.

Understanding CANDU Technology

A CANDU reactor stands apart from light‑water designs through its use of heavy water (deuterium oxide) as both moderator and coolant. Heavy water’s exceptionally low neutron absorption permits the reactor to operate on natural uranium without any enrichment—an advantage for non‑proliferation, fuel supply security, and economic competitiveness. The core consists of hundreds of horizontal pressure tubes (calandria tubes) that allow on‑power refuelling via robotic fuel‑handling machines, resulting in capacity factors that regularly exceed 90%. This design means operators can replace spent fuel bundles without shutting down, maximizing revenue and grid stability. The CANDU 6 and larger CANDU 9 units, refined through decades of CNL‑led research, have been deployed across Canada and exported to countries including South Korea, Romania, Argentina, and China. CNL’s unique contribution has been continuous experimental validation: testing fuel behaviour under accident conditions, measuring neutron fluxes in zero‑energy reactors, and certifying reactor‑grade materials. This commitment to empirical science ensures that every CANDU design basis is backed by rigorous data, not simply computational models.

CNL’s Core Research and Development Mandate

As steward of Canada’s nuclear research infrastructure, CNL supports the full lifecycle of CANDU technology—from fundamental materials science to full‑scale component testing under realistic thermal and radiation loads. Its portfolio of unique facilities includes the ZED‑2 zero‑energy reactor, the Reactor Materials Testing Laboratory, and the Hot Cells at Chalk River, among others. ZED‑2, for instance, is a low‑power critical facility used for precise reactor physics measurements that underpin core design and safety codes. The Reactor Materials Testing Laboratory subjects alloys to high‑flux irradiation to simulate in‑reactor aging over years of service, while the Hot Cells provide a shielded environment for post‑irradiation examination of fuel bundles and structural components. Additionally, CNL operates the National Nuclear Data Centre, which produces evaluated nuclear data libraries used by the international community. These experimental capabilities are essential for validating computational models, completing safety‑code certification, and qualifying new fuel types or cladding materials. By maintaining this experimental backbone, CNL ensures that CANDU operators can confidently extend reactor lifetimes beyond their original 30‑year design—often to 60 years or more—while maintaining high safety margins.

Key Research Facilities at CNL

ZED‑2 Reactor: A zero‑energy critical facility used for reactor physics measurements and code validation, still operating today.
Reactor Materials Testing Laboratory: Tests material performance under irradiation conditions that replicate decades of CANDU operation.
Hot Cells at Chalk River: Enable post‑irradiation examination of fuel and structural components to assess in‑service changes.
National Nuclear Data Centre: Provides evaluated nuclear data libraries supporting reactor design and safety analysis worldwide.
Blowdown Test Facility: Simulates loss‑of‑coolant accidents to analyse thermal‑hydraulic behaviour and validate emergency core cooling systems.

Advancing Reactor Safety and Severe Accident Analysis

Safety improvements have always been a primary driver of CNL’s CANDU work. Following the Fukushima Daiichi accident in 2011, CNL spearheaded a comprehensive re‑evaluation of beyond‑design‑basis events specific to heavy‑water reactors. Large‑scale tests were conducted on filtered containment venting, hydrogen management, and passive heat removal systems. The Blowdown Test Facility was upgraded to simulate loss‑of‑coolant accidents under more realistic thermal‑hydraulic conditions, producing data that fed directly into regulatory safety analyses. CNL also pioneered the development of the Severe Accident Analysis Code (MAAP‑CANDU), a tool now licensed and used both in Canada and internationally. Incorporating passive safety features—such as Emergency Core Cooling System enhancements retrofitted on existing CANDU units—stemmed directly from CNL’s probabilistic risk assessments. These efforts have helped all 19 operating CANDU reactors in Canada maintain an extraordinary safety record: no core damage incidents have occurred since commercial operation began in 1962. CNL continues to invest in safety research, recently launching a program to study the behaviour of modern coatings and materials under severe accident conditions.

Safety Research Priorities

Severe accident mitigation and beyond‑design‑basis event analysis.
Filtered containment venting system optimization for pressure suppression.
Hydrogen management and recombination strategies to prevent deflagration.
Probabilistic risk assessment for CANDU units, updated with operating experience.
Emergency Core Cooling System enhancements, including passive injection loops.

Fuel Development: From Natural Uranium to Advanced Cycles

CANDU’s fuel flexibility is a direct consequence of CNL’s dedicated fuel development programs. The original fuel—natural uranium dioxide pellets sealed in Zircaloy‑4 cladding—remains the standard for commercial operation. But CNL has also demonstrated the viability of slightly enriched uranium (SEU) recovered from light‑water reactor spent fuel, a concept known as DUPIC (Direct Use of spent PWR fuel In CANDU). DUPIC reduces fresh uranium demand and offers a synergistic spent‑fuel management option for countries operating both reactor types. CNL’s research has also extended to thorium‑based fuels. At the Thorium Fuel Cycle Test Facility, thorium dioxide bundles were irradiated and examined, providing data for potential thorium‑CANDU cycles that could reduce long‑lived actinide waste. More recently, CNL has been evaluating advanced accident‑tolerant fuel claddings—such as chromium‑coated Zircaloy and silicon carbide composites—to minimize hydrogen generation during transients. These innovations are routinely tested using the McMaster Nuclear Reactor and other university facilities under CNL’s collaborative framework. The laboratory also supports the Nuclear Waste Management Organization (NWMO) by providing experimental data on used fuel behaviour for deep geological repository design.

Fuel Cycle Innovations

DUPIC Process: Direct use of spent PWR fuel in CANDU reactors, reducing waste volumes and uranium demand.
Thorium Fuel Cycle: Potential for reduced long‑lived actinide waste and improved fuel resource extension.
Accident‑Tolerant Claddings: Chromium‑coated Zircaloy and silicon carbide composites tested at CNL’s facilities.
Slightly Enriched Uranium: Economic and operational benefits from SEU fuel in existing CANDU units.
Recycled Fuel Options: Integration with SMR fuel cycles to create closed‑loop or partially closed systems.

Waste Management and Environmental Stewardship

Responsible management of nuclear waste is central to CNL’s long‑term mission. The organization leads Canada’s Nuclear Legacy Liabilities Program (NLLP), which addresses historic wastes accumulated from decades of research and early reactor operations. At Chalk River, liquid wastes are vitrified or cemented for secure interim storage, while low‑ and intermediate‑level solid wastes are characterized and packaged for disposal in the Chalk River Waste Management Area. CNL’s research directly supports the NWMO’s ongoing process to site and build a deep geological repository for used CANDU fuel. Scientists at CNL study long‑term container corrosion, engineered barrier materials, and the geochemistry of candidate host rocks, such as the sedimentary formations of the Bruce nuclear site. A notable asset is the Repository Component Test Facility, a unique underground laboratory where full‑scale bentonite buffer boxes are subjected to simulated repository conditions. These experiments provide confidence that used CANDU fuel can be safely isolated for the required one‑million‑year timescale. CNL also invests heavily in environmental remediation, including phytoremediation and permeable reactive barrier systems at legacy contaminated sites around Chalk River and Whiteshell.

Waste Management Initiatives

Nuclear Legacy Liabilities Program: Addresses historic wastes from research and reactor operations, reducing environmental risk.
Repository Component Test Facility: Full‑scale bentonite buffer testing under simulated deep‑geological‑repository conditions.
Deep Geological Repository Support: Research on corrosion, barrier materials, and host rock geochemistry for NWMO.
Vitrification and Cementation: Treatment of liquid radioactive wastes to immobilize radionuclides.
Environmental Remediation: Site restoration at Whiteshell, Chalk River, and legacy research sites using advanced techniques.

Small Modular Reactor Development: Extending the CANDU Lineage

CNL is now channeling decades of CANDU knowledge into the next wave of nuclear technology: small modular reactors (SMRs). While many SMR designs are light‑water based, several heavy‑water and molten‑salt concepts draw directly from CANDU’s neutronic principles. CNL’s Advanced Reactors Directorate collaborates with vendors on design reviews, safety analysis, and siting evaluations. The Chalk River Deep River Science & Technology Park has been designated a potential host site for SMR demonstration units. Among the concepts under study is the Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR), which can consume light‑water reactor waste and, when coupled with a CANDU‑derived heavy‑water moderator, may facilitate 233U breeding for thorium‑based cycles. Another concept is the Hybrid SMR‑CANDU, which pairs a high‑temperature gas‑cooled reactor with a heavy‑water‑moderated core to produce both electricity and process heat for industrial use. Through its SMR Readiness Program, CNL provides regulatory insights, shares detailed site characterisation data from the Chalk River campus, and offers irradiation services to test new fuels and materials. This support shortens the path from prototype to commercial deployment, leveraging Canada’s CANDU experience for a new generation of reactors.

SMR Concepts Under Evaluation

Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR): Consumes LWR waste; potential for 233U breeding with heavy‑water moderator.
Hybrid SMR‑CANDU: High‑temperature gas‑cooled reactor coupled with heavy‑water core for cogeneration.
Advanced Heavy‑Water SMR: Direct CANDU lineage for small‑scale, remote‑community applications.
Molten Salt CANDU Derivatives: New reactor physics derived from established CANDU principles.
Grid‑Scalable SMRs: Flexible deployment options for remote communities, mining sites, and industrial zones.

International Partnerships and CANDU Export Support

CANDU technology has flourished internationally thanks to CNL’s collaborative ethos and technical expertise. The laboratory maintains active bilateral agreements with nuclear research centres in South Korea, Romania, Argentina, and China. For example, CNL’s joint program with the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) has examined life‑extension strategies for the Wolsong CANDU‑6 units, focusing on pressure‑tube integrity monitoring and feeder‑thickness assessment. In Romania, CNL experts assisted with the completion of Cernavoda Unit 2 and are now supporting the unit’s refurbishment, including digital control upgrades and severe‑accident mitigation retrofits. Through the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) coordinated research projects, CNL contributes benchmark reactor physics data that improve the accuracy of neutronics codes used worldwide. CNL also provides training for foreign operators via the CANDU Owners Group (COG), a consortium of utilities that pools resources for common research needs. These partnerships ensure that CANDU reactors in all operating countries benefit from a shared safety culture and the latest scientific findings, reinforcing Canada’s role as a trusted nuclear technology partner.

Key International Collaborations

South Korea (KAERI): Wolsong unit life extension, pressure‑tube integrity, and feeder corrosion studies.
Romania: Cernavoda unit completion support and ongoing refurbishment with digital upgrades.
Argentina: CANDU‑6 operational optimisation, safety upgrades, and training exchanges.
China: Technology transfer programs for CANDU‑6 operation and advanced fuel cycle research.
IAEA Coordinated Research Projects: Benchmark data for reactor physics codes used in over 30 countries.

Refurbishment and Life Extension: Maximizing Asset Value

Canada’s existing CANDU fleet is undergoing a major refurbishment cycle to extend operational lifetimes by 30 years or more. CNL is integral to this effort, providing the underlying research and development that supports each component replacement decision. The Pressure Tube Fitness for Service program analyses irradiation‑induced material changes, predicting when tubes must be replaced to avoid brittle fracture. CNL’s Fuel Channel Inspection and Replacement System (FCIR) was prototyped at Chalk River before industrial deployment at Darlington and Bruce Power. In addition, CNL evaluates long‑term aging management of steam generators, feeder pipes, and reactor internal structures, often using a full‑scale mock‑up of a CANDU calandria to rehearse critical maintenance activities like end‑fitting removals. This R&D reduces risk and cost for multi‑billion‑dollar refurbishment projects, turning them into well‑charted engineering undertakings. CNL also leads research on advanced inspection techniques, such as phased‑array ultrasonics and laser‑based measurements, which are deployed during outages to assess component condition without unnecessary disassembly.

Refurbishment Research Focus Areas

Pressure Tube Fitness for Service: Irradiation damage assessment and replacement scheduling based on CNL‑developed models.
Fuel Channel Inspection and Replacement System (FCIR): Prototype and deployment support at Darlington and Bruce Power.
Steam Generator Aging Management: Long‑term integrity studies and replacement strategy development.
Feeder Pipe Integrity: Flow‑accelerated corrosion monitoring and mitigation using CNL data.
Calandria Mock‑Up Testing: Full‑scale rehearsal of critical maintenance activities to reduce outage duration.

Nuclear Science Infrastructure: Laboratories and Test Reactors

The experimental backbone of CNL’s CANDU work lies in its suite of research reactors, hot cells, and computational clusters. Although the historic NRX and NRU reactors have been permanently shut down, CNL is committed to building new capabilities. The Advanced Nuclear Materials Research Centre (ANMRC), under construction at Chalk River, will attract global researchers with state‑of‑the‑art irradiation and examination equipment. The ZED‑2 zero‑energy reactor continues to provide essential criticality data for advanced fuel cycles and reactor designs. CNL also leverages partnerships with the McMaster Nuclear Reactor and the Royal Military College SLOWPOKE‑2 facility for fuel and material testing. On the computational side, CNL’s high‑performance computing clusters run full‑core neutronics simulations using Monte Carlo codes such as MCNP and deterministic tools like Dragon and CASMO. The laboratory is a key developer of the open‑source OpenMC code, collaborating with the U.S. Argonne National Laboratory to validate it against CANDU benchmarks. By combining physical experiments with virtual simulation, CNL maintains the scientific rigor that CANDU’s licensing rests upon.

Infrastructure Highlights

Advanced Nuclear Materials Research Centre (ANMRC): New irradiation and examination facility under construction at Chalk River.
ZED‑2 Reactor: Ongoing criticality experiments for advanced fuel cycles and SMR concepts.
McMaster Nuclear Reactor: University partnership for fuel irradiation testing and isotope production.
High‑Performance Computing Clusters: Monte Carlo and deterministic neutronics simulations for reactor analysis.
OpenMC Development: Open‑source neutronics code validation for CANDU benchmarks, co‑developed with Argonne.

Workforce Development and Knowledge Transfer

A critical yet often overlooked role of CNL is cultivating the human capital necessary to sustain CANDU operations. Through the CNL Nuclear Science & Technology Summer School and cooperative education programs with universities such as Ontario Tech, McMaster, and the University of Saskatchewan, the laboratory trains the next generation of nuclear engineers and scientists. A significant portion of CNL’s staff are internationally recognised experts who contribute to IAEA technical documents and serve on national and international standards committees. CNL also hosts the annual Nuclear Sector Skills Symposium, bringing together industry, government, and academia to forecast workforce needs. As retiring baby‑boomer engineers leave the sector, CNL’s mentorship programs pair junior staff with seasoned CANDU designers, ensuring that decades of tacit knowledge about pressure‑tube metallurgy, heavy‑water chemistry, and safety analysis methods are preserved. This deliberate focus on knowledge transfer is essential for the longevity of the CANDU fleet and the safe introduction of SMRs, which require many of the same core competencies.

Education and Training Programs

CNL Nuclear Science & Technology Summer School: Intensive training for university students in reactor physics and materials.
Cooperative Education Program: Partnerships with Ontario Tech, McMaster, University of Saskatchewan for practical experience.
Nuclear Sector Skills Symposium: Annual forum for workforce forecasting and industry‑academia collaboration.
Mentorship Programs: Formal pairing of junior staff with experienced CANDU designers for tacit knowledge transfer.
IAEA Technical Contribution: CNL staff participate in international standards development and expert missions.

Decommissioning and Environmental Remediation

CNL’s responsibilities extend to the safe decommissioning of legacy CANDU prototypes and research reactors. At the Whiteshell site in Pinawa, Manitoba, the WR‑1 organic‑cooled reactor is being dismantled, providing real‑world experience in volumetric reduction of activated metals and graphite waste. The Nuclear Power Demonstration (NPD) reactor at Rolphton, Ontario—the first CANDU‑type unit to generate electricity—is undergoing in‑situ decommissioning, with CNL monitoring groundwater and conducting environmental assessments. Lessons learned from these projects feed directly into the design of modern CANDU refurbishment campaigns and the eventual decommissioning plans for commercial stations. CNL’s Environmental Remediation Directorate also addresses contaminated lands around Chalk River, employing advanced techniques such as phytoremediation and permeable reactive barriers to contain legacy contaminants. This holistic environmental stewardship reinforces public trust and ensures that CANDU’s nuclear legacy remains a positive one.

Decommissioning Projects

WR‑1 Reactor (Whiteshell): Organic‑cooled reactor dismantling and waste volume reduction using novel segmentation methods.
NPD Reactor (Rolphton): In‑situ decommissioning of first CANDU‑type unit, with long‑term groundwater monitoring.
NRX and NRU (Chalk River): Legacy reactor decommissioning and waste management, including spent fuel retrieval.
Chalk River Waste Management Area: Characterisation and packaging of low‑ and intermediate‑level wastes for disposal.
Phytoremediation and Permeable Reactive Barriers: Environmental remediation of contaminated lands using plants and reactive materials.

Regulatory Science and Safety Codes

Behind every CANDU safety regulation is a body of scientific evidence largely produced by CNL. The laboratory supports the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) by conducting confirmatory research on issues such as pressure‑tube delayed hydrogen cracking, feeder‑pipe flow‑accelerated corrosion, and containment bypass leakage. CNL’s Fire Safety Research Program tests cable coatings and protective wraps in furnace experiments that simulate severe accident conditions, providing the data underpinning fire‑hazard analyses. When new international standards emerge—for instance, seismic margin assessments—CNL adapts its shaking tables and structural test rigs to simulate CANDU‑specific building responses. The result is a regulatory framework that is both conservative and realistic, allowing operators to manage risk without unnecessary conservatism that would inflate costs. This collaborative relationship between CNL and the CNSC exemplifies Canada’s science‑based nuclear governance, with CNL often acting as an independent technical authority.

Regulatory Research Contributions

Pressure‑Tube Delayed Hydrogen Cracking: Mechanistic studies for integrity assessments and repair strategies.
Feeder‑Pipe Flow‑Accelerated Corrosion: Monitoring and mitigation research directly feeding CNSC requirements.
Fire Safety Research Program: Cable coating and protective wrap testing for severe accident environments.
Seismic Margin Assessments: CANDU‑specific building response simulation using CNL’s structural test facilities.
Containment Bypass Leakage: Experimental validation of containment performance for licensing submissions.

Economic and Policy Context

CANDU research at CNL operates within a broader national strategy to decarbonize the electricity grid and support heavy industry. Canada’s 2023 federal budget earmarked significant funding for CNL’s infrastructure renewal and SMR deployment, recognizing that nuclear power provides 15% of the nation’s electricity and is essential for achieving net‑zero targets. The Pan‑Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change explicitly references nuclear innovation as a pillar of emissions reduction. CNL’s economic impact studies show that every dollar invested in nuclear R&D generates approximately $1.40 in GDP through technology royalties, spin‑off companies, and high‑wage jobs. Independent analyses by the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency have highlighted that maintaining a domestic research capability is essential for technology‑owning nations to control costs and preserve sovereign decision‑making. Thus, CNL’s CANDU work is not merely a technical exercise but a strategic asset for Canada’s energy independence and economic competitiveness.

Challenges and Criticisms

Despite CNL’s achievements, the CANDU program faces persistent challenges. Cost overruns during refurbishment have drawn public scrutiny, with some critics arguing that the heavy‑water design is inherently more expensive than light‑water reactors. CNL addresses such concerns by optimising construction sequences and modularisation—insights derived from its full‑scale mock‑ups and digital twin simulations. The management of high‑activity waste from the NRX/NRU decommissioning remains a sensitive topic; CNL actively engages Indigenous communities and local stakeholders through the Environmental Stewardship Council to develop consensus‑based solutions. Additionally, the transition from a government department to a GoCo model introduced cultural tensions, but recent employee engagement surveys indicate a growing sense of stability and purpose. CNL’s leadership has publicly committed to transparency, with regular updates on safety incidents and environmental monitoring data posted on the official CNL website. The organization continues to work with regulators and operators to address these challenges head‑on.

Future Directions: The CANDU‑SMR Continuum

Looking forward, CNL’s research portfolio centres on a continuum between CANDU systems and SMRs. The laboratory’s Vision 2030 Strategy envisages a Chalk River campus that serves as an international hub for advanced reactor development, complete with a Canadian Neutron Initiative that would provide intense neutron beams for materials science. One concrete project is the Advanced Fuel Cycle for Clean Energy (AFCCE) initiative, which examines how CANDU reactors can burn recycled SMR fuel to close the fuel cycle. Another is the Gen‑IV Heavy Water Reactor concept, which operates at supercritical water conditions to achieve 45% thermal efficiency—a leap beyond today’s 33%. CNL is also investing in hydrogen production from nuclear process heat, investigating high‑temperature electrolysis that could feed Canada’s hydrogen export ambitions. By leveraging CANDU’s inherent neutron richness, these advanced concepts promise to keep the technology relevant for decades, complementing both SMRs and intermittent renewables like wind and solar.

Strategic Research Priorities for 2030 and Beyond

Advanced Fuel Cycle for Clean Energy (AFCCE): Recycling SMR fuel in CANDU reactors to reduce waste and improve uranium utilisation.
Gen‑IV Heavy Water Reactor: Supercritical water conditions for 45% thermal efficiency, extending CANDU’s thermodynamic potential.
Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Process Heat: High‑temperature electrolysis development for clean hydrogen.
Canadian Neutron Initiative: Development of intense neutron beams for materials science and medical isotope research.
CANDU‑SMR Integration: Hybrid concepts combining CANDU and SMR technologies for flexible electricity and process heat generation.

Conclusion

Canadian Nuclear Laboratories remains the intellectual engine of CANDU technology, translating fundamental science into safer, more efficient, and more sustainable nuclear power. From early heavy‑water experiments to modern SMR designs, CNL’s researchers have repeatedly demonstrated that public‑sector science can deliver world‑class outcomes. Through international collaboration, rigorous safety studies, advanced fuel cycles, and a steadfast commitment to environmental responsibility, CNL ensures that CANDU reactors—both at home and abroad—continue to provide reliable, low‑carbon electricity. As Canada and the world confront the climate crisis, CNL’s fusion of legacy expertise with frontier innovation positions CANDU as a durable pillar of the clean energy transition. For those seeking deeper technical insights, the laboratory’s open publication repository and partner reports from the CANDU Owners Group and the IAEA offer a rich trove of peer‑reviewed science.

The Role of Canadian Nuclear Laboratories in Candu Research and Development

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