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Te Nuclear Reactor Environment: A Demanding Setting for Materials

To appreciate the role of coatings, one must first understand the aggressive conditions inside a nuclear reactor. The primary coolant loop—whether light water, heavy water, or liquid sodium—carries heat away from the fuel assemblies but also promotes corrosion of metal surfaces. In water-cooled reactors, radiolysis produces oxidizing species like hydrogen peroxide, which accelerate general and localized corrosion. In sodium-cooled fast reactors, oxygen impurities and mass transport effects can cause corrosion and carburization. Meanwhile, high-energy neutron and gamma radiation induce displacement damage and transmutation within coating and substrate materials, altering their mechanical and chemical properties. Temperatures in pressurized water reactors (PWRs) reach around 320 °C, while in boiling water reactors (BWRs) they are slightly lower but still aggressive. Advanced reactors, such as very high-temperature reactors (VHTRs), push toward 900–1000 °C. The combination of thermal stress, radiation, and chemical attack demands coatings that can adhere firmly, maintain chemical stability, and self-